From ACES Connection: New research has important findings for responding to ACEs
Safe, stable and nurturing relationships (SSNR) are treated as a universal protective factor for children with ACES, but the evidence for this has not been analysed for the impact of race. A new study appears to show that the presence of a consistent caregiver during childhood does reduce smoking in adulthood for white children with ACES, but it does not reduce smoking in Black children with ACES.
This may indicate that SSNR in general are not as universally protective as commonly believed, and certainly indicates that more research needs to ask whether race influences their study.